- Case law
Harley-Davidson case highlights limits of binding origin information in Union customs law

Photo by Stephan Louis on Unsplash
- Topic: duties, taxes origin
- Market: EU - European Union LT - Lithuania
- Copyright of the journal: CC Learning, UAB
Photo by Stephan Louis on Unsplash
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The recent decision by the United States to reintroduce tariffs on steel and aluminium imports has prompted significant concern among European industries. Announced in February 2025, the US government … has reinstated a 25% tariff on steel and increased the tariff on aluminium from 10% to 25%. This adds to the challenges already faced by companies in regulated sectors, with regulations such as international sanctions, export controls and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. We provide an overview of the current regulatory landscape and offer practical recommendations to help businesses deal with these developments.
Antonio Castagnini
The recent decision by the United States to reintroduce tariffs on steel and aluminium imports has prompted significant concern among European industries. Announced in February 2025, the US government has reinstated a 25% tariff on steel and increased the tariff on aluminium from 10% to 25%. This adds to the challenges already faced by companies in regulated sectors, with regulations such as international sanctions, export controls and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. We provide an overview of the current regulatory landscape and offer practical recommendations to help businesses deal with these developments.
Antonio Castagnini
All products originating in the UK are now subject to a baseline US tariff of 10%. Compare this with the tariffs levied against the EU (20%) and China (54%) and it can be seen that the origin … of products exported to the US is crucial. The condition is that UK exporters must ensure that the products they export to the US originate in the UK (if they originate in the EU, even though they are exported from the UK, they will be subject to a 20% import duty in the US). We provide a brief overview of the new US tariffs and what ‘origin’ means in this context.
Mark Rowbotham
All products originating in the UK are now subject to a baseline US tariff of 10%. Compare this with the tariffs levied against the EU (20%) and China (54%) and it can be seen that the origin of products exported to the US is crucial. The condition is that UK exporters must ensure that the products they export to the US originate in the UK (if they originate in the EU, even though they are exported from the UK, they will be subject to a 20% import duty in the US). We provide a brief overview of the new US tariffs and what ‘origin’ means in this context.
Mark Rowbotham
This article deals with legal changes in relation to the criterion of financial solvency that were introduced in 2018 but have not yet been noticed by many traders and taken into account by some … customs authorities. These changes allow for a more flexible approach to the assessment of economic operators' financial solvency when authorisations for a reduction or waiver of a comprehensive guarantee are requested or to be maintained.
Michael Lux
This article deals with legal changes in relation to the criterion of financial solvency that were introduced in 2018 but have not yet been noticed by many traders and taken into account by some customs authorities. These changes allow for a more flexible approach to the assessment of economic operators' financial solvency when authorisations for a reduction or waiver of a comprehensive guarantee are requested or to be maintained.
Michael Lux
Whenever the topic of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) review comes up, the Pan-European Mediterranean (PEM) origin cumulation zone is one of the topics mentioned as potentially in scope. … Recently, several reports and organizations have included rejoining PEM as one of the recommendations for the new Government. Rejoining PEM is indeed one of the steps that could improve market access for products from all industries that could be done within the current format of the TCA. It could also be done without changing the essential character of the relationships, i.e. one based on a simple and fairly basic trade agreement.
Dr Anna Jerzewska
Whenever the topic of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) review comes up, the Pan-European Mediterranean (PEM) origin cumulation zone is one of the topics mentioned as potentially in scope. Recently, several reports and organizations have included rejoining PEM as one of the recommendations for the new Government. Rejoining PEM is indeed one of the steps that could improve market access for products from all industries that could be done within the current format of the TCA. It could also be done without changing the essential character of the relationships, i.e. one based on a simple and fairly basic trade agreement.
Dr Anna Jerzewska
The Pan-European-Mediterranean Zone was implemented in 2005. The idea was to create a cumulation zone between Europe and its neighbours and to encourage intra-regional integration by promoting … trade and cooperation. The PEM Convention allows for the cumulation of origin between different countries within the zone. Cumulation of origin is one of the ways to allow for greater flexibility when it comes to using raw and semi-manufactured materials in the production process. It allows a member of a trade agreement to use originating products from other members.
The Pan-European-Mediterranean Zone was implemented in 2005. The idea was to create a cumulation zone between Europe and its neighbours and to encourage intra-regional integration by promoting trade and cooperation. The PEM Convention allows for the cumulation of origin between different countries within the zone. Cumulation of origin is one of the ways to allow for greater flexibility when it comes to using raw and semi-manufactured materials in the production process. It allows a member of a trade agreement to use originating products from other members.
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